Strategic Human Resource Management The Pharmaceutical...

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PART A – THE CHEMIST WAREHOUSE SEEMA VARMA 17711030 The Pharmaceutical industry is passing through a very challenging period in its evolution with the traditional approaches to conducting pharmaceutical research and development being increasingly challenged (Piachaud 2004, pg.xii). Successful pharmaceutical organizations have recognized the need to effectively leverage resources and so have come to rely on the wealth of expertise provided by specialist external suppliers, such as The Chemist Warehouse (Piachaud 2004, pg.xii). This essay will provide a short background to the nature and trends of the industry, administrative performance within the organization, including†¦show more content†¦The industry’s level of competitiveness is distinguished by a framework of decision making and payment (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). Specific drugs consumed by patients to treat particular conditions is mainly performed by physicians. Without consent, pharmacists are prohibited from substituting different branded drugs within the same therapeutic category (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). However, alterations for generic equivalents of prescribed medicines may be allowed if authorized. Furthermore, most patients share the costs of consuming prescription drugs with insurance plans, to which insurers and pharmacy benefit managers (‘PBMs’) can influence drug choice through the co-payments they charge their members (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). It is within this framework, price competition among trademarked medications arise at the level of insurers and pharmacy benefit managers, to which medical prescriptions are used to encourage purchasing behavior (Guha, Lacy, Woodhouse 2007, p. 6). In other words, depending on the prices paid by patients and insurers, companies compete via reimbursement in exchange for their products to be positioned more favorably. Other methods of brand competition include medications contesting through promotions that undertake a variety of procedures. Due to physicians being responsible for prescribing drugs, sales representatives of featured drug

Essay on Burger King Case - 878 Words

Burger King Beefs Up Global Operation 1. By mid-2009, Burger King was not in any of the following five countries: France, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa. Compare these countries as possible future locations for Burger King. To me the first preference will go to the countries that have good amount of Non-Vegetable consumption in it. As Burger King is known for its Non-Vegetable products e.g. Beef and Hamburger and other beef products. Which can be famous in all the countries whose people consumes the beef and Non-Vegetable products most. In addition, where there is a good amount of youth too. France, Pakistan, and South Africa will be the good and vast market for any country to Penetrate into it and get their business†¦show more content†¦Two major ways in which Burger King differentiates itself from competitors are the way it cooks hamburgers— by its flame- broiled method as opposed to grills that fry— and the options it offers customers as to how they want their burgers. This latter distinction has been popularized with the â€Å"have it your way† theme. 3. About two-thirds of Burger King’s restaurants and revenues are in it American region (Unites States and Canada) and one-third elsewhere. Should this relationship change? If so, why and how? I feel that this relationship should remain the same. It seems to be working for them and as the old saying goes, if it is not broken do not fix it. 4. The case mentions that Burger King prefers to enter countries with large numbers of youth and shopping centers. Why do you think these conditions would be advantageous? Most fast food businesses prime target market is children and teenagers for the simple fact that they are the ones who prefer eating more fast food. In today’s society, it is more convenient at times just to run to your local burger joint and pick up a sandwich rather than spend time in the kitchen. Further, today’s family is more active and has more activities to do so hitting up your local fast food chain makes it easier. Teenagers everywhere hang out at the malls and shopping centers so having your fast food business in this location is a prime location. 5. How has Burger King’s headquarters location influencedShow MoreRelatedBurger King Case Analysis1533 Words   |  7 PagesBURGER KING VIEWPOINT This case was analyzed from the point of view of Burger King’s Marketing Manager. TIME CONTEXT The case happened in September of the 2010. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM †¢ How to minimize the negative feedback/perception of the company’s buy-in from a private company? †¢ What measures could Burger King do to dethrone McDonald’s as well as hold off the challenge of a number of other chains that were growing in size and competitive power? 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It is very challenging to eat healthy by the way we run our lives. Not to mention it is nearly impossible to go into a grocery store and find a true well balanced meal without spending an hour inRead MoreCase Study : Burger King V. Rudzewicz919 Words   |  4 Pages LAW 501 Session 1 Case Study Brian Rusche Colorado Christian University â€Æ' LAW 501 Session 1 Case Study Burger King v. Rudzewicz This case determined whether personal jurisdiction applied to a franchisee of Burger King restaurants, whose headquarters was in Miami, Florida, when the franchisee and his restaurant were in Drayton Plains, Michigan. The Supreme Court found that personal jurisdiction did apply, holding that â€Å"Jurisdiction is proper, however, where the contacts proximately result fromRead MoreCase 6 Burger King: Selling Whoppers in Japan1289 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Case 6 Burger King: Selling Whoppers in Japan Submitted by: Dolly Estrellado Nelma Mae Mameloco Charlene Sorongon BSBA 3-A Submitted to: Miss Cherry Ganancial I. Point of View: Our point of view regarding this case is that Burger King can also find a better growth opportunity in Japan by its new marketing strategy. II. Problem Statement: a. Burger king failed to effectively target the cost conscious consumer and instead promoted its premium burgers

Colonialism In Nigeria Essay Example For Students

Colonialism In Nigeria Essay The earliest known documentation of Nigeria is that it was the sight of a group of organized states called Hausa. The earliest Nigerians were the Nok people. These Noks were skilled artisans, but they didnt last long. The Noks had disappeared by the second millennium. The Southwest region of Lake Chad, Africa was ruled by the Kanem-Bornu during the 8th century. By the 1300s, the empire of Kanem-Bornu was a flourishing center of Islamic culture, rivaling Mali in the west. As this African kingdom began to stagnate, the western states fell under the rule of Songhai and the empire fell in result. During the 15th century, Nigeria was a very prosperous country with great cultivation and trading. By the late 16th century, the Kanem-Bornu broke up and the Hausa states regained their independence. In the 19th century, the Fulani then took dominance in the lands of Hausa and the southern part of the country was divided at this time. In the west, Yoruba had their own states; the Edo ruled in Be nin in the south-central parts; and the Ibo had control in the east, in and north of the Niger delta. People such as Mungo Park, Richard Lemon Lander, and John Lander first explored the interior in 1830-31. Realizing the potential of the area, the Portuguese, the British, and others established slave-trading stations in the Niger delta. The British sent consuls to Calabar and Lagos, where traders were established, and they took full possession of Lagos. The British then established protectorates after the conclusion of several treaties with the native chiefs and in 1893, the name Niger Coast Protectorate was established. Then, in 1900, after expansion in the southwest, which brought about the addition of the kingdom of Benin, the name was changed to the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In the same year, the British proclaimed the protectorate of Northern Nigeria as well. British didnt have full control over either of the two protectorates at the time of their establishments. However, France, Britain, and Germany had so-called spheres of influence and it was understood that Britain had control of Nigeria. British troops were engaged in conflicts with the people of Nigeria who were still involved in slave trade after it was prohibited by the British in 1807. In 1914, North and South Nigeria merged into the colony and protectorate of Nigeria with Sir Fredrick Lugard as the governor. However, for administrative purposes, the country was divided into the Colony of Lagos, Northern province, and Southern province. Lugard allowed the native chiefs and councils to rule over Nigeria while under the watch of the British government. During the time of World War II, the people of Nigeria demanded self-government and wrote multiple constitutions, none of which stuck. By succeeding constitutional changes, Nigeria was able to become a federation in 1954 and each region was given the option of claiming self-government. Self-government was first granted to the Eastern and Western regions in 1957 and then to the northern region in 1959. Nigeria was accepted as an independent state on October 1, 1960 by the UN and on October 7th by the Commonwealth of Nations. On February 11-12, 1961, the northern section voted to become part of Nigeria. At this time, Nigeria was divided into three separate states: the northern region, dominated by Hausa speakers; the Western Region, of the Yoruba; and the predominately Igbo Eastern Region. National conflicts were soon caused because of the national politics. There were constant treats of seceding from the federation by the politicians of each region. .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 , .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .postImageUrl , .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 , .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:hover , .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:visited , .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:active { border:0!important; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:active , .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2 .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98e6982ec628dea995e307170d5c0bf2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bi-Lingual Education EssayThirteen years of military rule ended in 1979. A new constitution was written completely free of any British involvement. They modeled their government off of the United States balance-of-powers system. Nigeria is a federation of 19 states and Federal Capital Territory. The people of Nigeria are ruled by a president who is elected for a period of 4 years at a time. Also, a governor who is elected for four years at a time and who holds the executive power in the state rules each state. The current political parties are the Social Democratic Party and the National Republican Convention. In 1966, the dream of flourishing democracy was diminished when a series of massacres occurred, inter-country arguments came about, and a military coup started the first of a series of military governments. As a response to this take over, the Ibo seceded from the federation and declared the independent republic of Biafra. This secession began a civil war that lasted for almost 3 years. Nigeria won the war and the military government controlled both regions. The economy of Nigeria increased an incredible amount during the 1970s with the recovery of oil production. The country for the first time was pretty well off. As of currently, it appears that the government and economy are stable. The government as of now is a federal republic under control by the military. The currency ($ U.S. Equivalent) is 10.49 naira is equal to $1 and the inflation rate is 50%. Natural resources such as oil, minerals, natural gas, coal, and timber allow the country to earn $42.0 billion on exports. The GDP of Nigeria is US$143.5 billion and they have an annual growth of 3%. Overall, the country has come a long way since colonialism and has undergone many changes, and prosper. The full name of the country as of this point in time is the Federal republic of Nigeria. There is a large variety of people (e.g.- Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Ibo) and many different languages spoken (e.g.- English, Hausa, Yoruba). The capital city is Abuja with a present population of 378,671. The overall population of the country is 108.5 million people. The religions, as well as the languages and people, are diverse. Some of the major religions are Muslim (50%) and Christian, mostly Roman Catholic (40%). Nigerias currents major trading partners are the USA, EU, and Japan. The countrys government is a Republic led by the president Olusegun Obasanjo.

To Kill A Mockingbird Is this novel simply a pessimistic presentation of a deeply flawed and discriminatory society Essay Example

To Kill A Mockingbird Is this novel simply a pessimistic presentation of a deeply flawed and discriminatory society Paper In this essay I will be looking at the different types of prejudices that are used in the novel. These include prejudice against colour, sex, class, outcasts and outsiders. I will be looking at how these prejudices affect the characters in the novel and how their attitudes change. I will also be looking closely at the characters of Atticus Finch and Bob Ewell, who have completely different attitudes towards racism. I interpret the word prejudice as literally meaning pre-judge. When someone is prejudiced against someone then it means that they are judging him or her without knowing them and this is usually down to racism. There are many examples of prejudice in the novel and this gives the idea that Maycomb is a deeply flawed and discriminatory society. The main example of prejudice in the novel revolves around the trial of Tom Robinson, who is a black man that is being tried for a rape crime that he did not commit. The pre-judgment of Tom Robinson by a 12-strong Maycomb jury shows that the community is deeply racist. White people considered blacks to be upstart and the reason for this is that the book is set at the time of depression and whites were worried that, black men could take their jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill A Mockingbird Is this novel simply a pessimistic presentation of a deeply flawed and discriminatory society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill A Mockingbird Is this novel simply a pessimistic presentation of a deeply flawed and discriminatory society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill A Mockingbird Is this novel simply a pessimistic presentation of a deeply flawed and discriminatory society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is one of the reasons that Bob Ewell accuses Tom Robinson of murder. Ewell is deeply racist and when he finds his daughter trying to seduce Tom he automatically accuses the black man. Although this prejudice against Tom Robinson is started by one the man most of the town have no trouble in sticking by the white man and this is why the trial is one of the main areas of racism in the book. This racism against blacks though is not the only area of discrimination in Maycomb society. There is also a strong discrimination against outsiders that starts at a very early age. An example of this is when scout goes to school for the first time and her teacher says, I am from North Alabama, from Winston County. At this point the class murmured apprehensively, should she prove to harbour her share of peculiarities indigenous to that region. By doing this, the class is pre-judging their teacher only a few minutes after meeting her for the first time. The children are showing that even at their early age they consider outsiders to be peculiar. The only reason that I can see for this is that this has been drilled into them from a young age and therefore gives us the idea that the town they live in is deeply flawed and discriminatory The character of Bob Ewell can be seen as the epitome of everything that is wrong with the society of Maycomb. He is described as a little bantam cock that crowed like a rooster on a dung hill. This shows what the people of the town think about him and also how his racist opinion would usually count for nothing. Mr. Ewell is also a redneck, which is made clear when the author says, the back of his neck reddened at the sound of his name. This tells us that Ewell is a racist piece of white trash, like most other rednecks. The character of Bob Ewell rubs off on the rest of his family, whom he treats, with no degree of respect or care. The first example of this comes about when his son, Burris Ewell is at school. The teacher tries to repremand Burris but he says, you ain`t sending me home missus. I was just on the verge of leaving- I done my time for this year. This shows how Bob has not laid down any rules for his children and he doesnt set any rules for his children or care what the get up to. It also gives across the idea that the Ewell family is very dysfunctional and this is one of the many differences between the Ewells and the Fiches. An example of how Ewell has no respect for his family is the way that he drags his daughter Mayella through a rape trial for some personal attention. Ewell describes the rape as rutting and this is a word that is only usually used to describe sex between animals. By using this sort of language Ewell is portraying himself and his family as wild animals and when a wild dog appears later in the novel this can be seen as a portrayal of Ewell. Atticuss children are very different from Ewells but they, like many of the other children in the novel are also prejudiced. Scout is victimized by her brother Jem for not being girlish enough. He says, I declare to the lord you are getting more like a girl everyday! This upsets Scout because she seems to want to be a boy because men obviously have a higher status in the town. Although Scout is being victimized here she shows signs of being racist herself. When she and Jem are building a snowman that is mostly made of mud she exclaims, I aint ever heard of a nigger snowman. By using the word nigger Scout is showing that from a very young age she is using the language that she has obviously picked up from the people around her and by doing this she is giving the idea that the whole town is discriminatory in one way or another. It is clear that it is not only the white people of Maycomb that are prejudiced against anything that dont conform to their ideals, it is the black community as well. Both communities shun Mr. Dolphus Raymond because he is involved in a mixed marriage that goes against both white and black laurels. Jem explains to scout that mixed children belong nowhere and this shows how everyone in Maycomb is strongly opposed to anything that is not traditional or that doesnt occur on a wide-scale. The language that Harper Lee uses in the book is often racist and if it were used today then most people would take offense. She uses words like Nigger and Negro to show that the town is deeply racist because this language is used daily. I think that it is acceptable for Lee to use this type of language in the novel simply because it was what the language was like at the time that the novel is set and it shows what Maycomb is like. While Lee uses racist language to show racism in the novel she also uses empathy on a number of occasions to show peoples situations from other peoples points of view. An example of this is when Jem and Scout are made to spend time with Mrs. Dubose. Atticus says,I wanted you to see something about her-I wanted you to see what real courage is. With the use of empathy Lee shows the reader what Mrs. Dubose is really like. By making his children spend time with Mrs. Dubose Atticus is showing them not to judge a book by its cover. This is one of the many morals that Atticus tries to pass down to his kids throughout the novel. Another moral that he tries to pass down is the one that you have to fight for what is right. When Scout asks Atticus why he is taking on the Tom Robinson rape case he explains that if he didnt then he could not hold my head up in town. By setting this good example to his children Atticus is showing what type of person he is and this person is very different to Bob Ewell. Atticus is a respectable member of Maycombs society who, unlike Ewell is not racist and has a respectable job. Atticus is also well educated and shows us the importance of empathy. He says that you dont know a person Until you climb into its skin and walk around in it. By having the character of Atticus Lee shows us that not all of Maycomb are discriminatory and that it is only parts of the society that have something wrong with them and this can be said about all of society. Although the main plot of the novel is the trial of Tom Robinson the book also contains an interlacing sub-plot that centers on the mysterious character of Boo Radley. Boo is a man that does not conform to what is considered a normal way of life and he is therefore portrayed to the children of Maycomb as a bogeyman. This becomes apparent when Dill has the idea to make Boo Radley come out. This shows how the children wanted to torment him just because he doesnt come outside and conform to everyone elses way of life. This is a form of discrimination because they are tormenting him just because he is different and shows that even though Atticus tries to install good morals into his children they still go of and do things like this. Along with Tom Robinson, Boo Radley can be seen as the Mockingbird of novel. Atticus says that Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy and therefore its a sin to kill a Mockingbird. This can be related to both Boo and Tom because the both do nothing wrong and are both tormented and discriminated against. I think that Lee purposely had two Mockingbirds in the novel, to show that it is all of Maycombs society that is prejudiced. The children torment Boo and the adults persecute Tom. This shows that maycombs society is deeply flawed and discriminatory. So in conclusion, I would say that on the outside the novel is a presentation of a deeply flawed and discriminatory society. If you look deeper then you can see that not all of the society carries this prejudice and I think that the different fate of the two Mockingbirds is very significant. Boo shows us that you should not judge a book by its cover while the death of Tom Robinson shows how cruel humans can be to people who are effectively exactly the same as themselves.

the code of honor essays

the code of honor essays Both Othello and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn deal with the issue of race, especially the notion of race as a  ¡Ã‚ °social construct ¡. Othello is  ¡Ã‚ °being taken by the insolent foe and sold to slavery ¡ (Shakespeare 1.3.136-137); Jim is a runaway nigger. Both of them have ever been a slaver respectively, but their stories are totally different: one becomes a general; one becomes a free man at the end. What does make this difference, even though they are ever at the same level? By close reading, we know Shakespeare and Twain suggest that honor is more to people than just their races when evaluating the social value. People who have honor are respected from other people and remain high in their society. What should be consider as honorable? Service to the country, knowledgeable, or even money, and so on. Othello is a Moor, and he is ever sold to slavery. What does make him to be a noble general? It is the services to the state:  ¡Ã‚ °My services which I have done the Signiory shall out-tongue his complaints ¡ (Shakespeare 1.2.18-19). Even the Duke will not look down on Othello, who is an Arab, like the Turks (the enemy of Venice). He believes  ¡Ã‚ °Othello, the fortitude of the place is best known to you ¡ (Shakespeare 1.3.219-220) and employs him  ¡Ã‚ °against the general enemy Ottoman ¡ (Shakespeare 1.3.47-48). Therefore, race is not an obstacle to Othello ¡Ã‚ ¯s military career. Twain also suggests race is not the only issue to define social construct. For example,  ¡Ã‚ °There was a free nigger there,  ¡Ã‚ ­ they said he was a p ¡Ã‚ ¯fessor in a college, and could talk all kinds of language, and knowed everything  ¡Ã‚ ­ they said he could vote ¡ (Twain 26; ch.6). This professor is the same race with Jim, but why he even has the right to vote? It is not only because he lives in the North of American, but also because he is knowledgeable. No every nigger in the North has the honor of voting, actua...

How to Style Numbers

How to Style Numbers How to Style Numbers How to Style Numbers By Mark Nichol When you write a number that will appear in print or online, do you use figures, or spell it out? If you want to follow an authoritative source to produce professional-looking content, the answer is both more complicated and simpler than you think (we already covered part of this topic with the article 10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals). The bible of the mainstream book-publishing industry, The Chicago Manual of Style, devotes 18 pages to the topic, while The AP Stylebook, the authority of record for newspapers, is appropriately more concise. (Various magazines generally use one style or the other, but Web sites tend toward AP style.) Other style manuals abound, but unless you’re writing for scholarly journals, you can count, so to speak, on Chicago or AP. The more formal the writing, the more likely you’ll follow Chicago style, which originally evolved from guidelines developed for the University of Chicago Press but has since been adopted by most book publishers as the authority for grammar, usage, punctuation, and, yes, numbers. The basic Chicago rule is to spell out numbers from one to one hundred but use numerals for 101 and up. But if you refer to two amounts in the same category, default to numerals. (â€Å"I found 137 mistakes, compared with only 89 last time.†) Major exceptions to the basic rule include a number as the first word in a sentence, larger round numbers (â€Å"five hundred†) and orders of magnitude (â€Å"millions,† â€Å"billions,† etc.). The point is to maintain consistency as much as possible. Technical, statistically dense text, meanwhile, is better served by numerals, so in that case use digits for physical dimensions, degrees (both of temperature and angle), scores and percentages, money, time, and other references to quantity. Newspaper style and less formal writing (and much of online content) hews closer to AP style, which derived from the rules for Associated Press newspaper articles: Spell out numbers only to ten, use numbers for 11 and up, and don’t be concerned about matching style when you refer to quantities on both sides of the tipping point. (â€Å"In a classroom poll conducted recently, only seven of 29 students agreed with that statement.†) And what about those pesky hyphens? Don’t hyphenate a physical dimension to the unit name unless those two terms modify a noun (â€Å"10 feet,† but â€Å"10-foot pole†). Hyphenate double-digit numbers by themselves and within larger numbers if they aren’t multiples of ten (â€Å"sixty-four,† â€Å"one hundred twenty-eight†), but don’t hyphenate all the elements of a large number like a chain. Simple and mixed fractions should be styled, depending on your preferred policy, either like â€Å"1/2† and â€Å"1 3/4,† or like â€Å"one-half† or â€Å"one and three-fourths.† Don’t bother setting case fractions (in which the numbers are reduced in size and placed on either side of a diagonal line); if you’re writing for a publication, the fraction will be formatted during the production stage according to its style. To establish a style for your Web site or blog, keep in mind that gurus of online content advise using numerals, which are easier to scan (and most site visitors scan before they read, if they read at all), but note that the AP rule about using numerals for numbers you can count on your fingers still applies: â€Å"1 day, I’ll see with my own 2 eyes that you can beat 3 people in a row in 4-square† is going a bit far. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseWords That Begin with Q

The European Union is being successful in spite of itself and its Essay

The European Union is being successful in spite of itself and its skeptics - Essay Example Napoleon and Hitler had no better success than the Roman Empire and the staggering costs of the last two world wars was motive enough to inspire another more democratic solution. The fact that nations continue to apply for acceptance into the European Union (EU) and the fact that only one EU member has ever renounced its EU citizenship speaks for the effectiveness in unifying diverse and autonomous nations. This combined with the lack of war on the European continent despite major differences and the fall of the Soviet Union, demonstrates the pacifying influence of the EU. While the world wide press continues to coin gleefully cynical terms like Euro-Skeptics, Europhobiles, Euro-pessimists and Euro-cynics, the unification of Europe is an idea whose time has come. This union is maintaining peace. Regardless of all of the sovereignty issues, problems with democracies and economies...its fundamental reason for conception has been more or less maintained by standing as a pillar uniting the Continent of Europe rather than allowing it to dissolve into war. One of the ways that this peace has been maintained is through the creation and acceptance of European wide rules of law and economic criterium. The source of some criticism comes from younger ages groups disenchanted with unemployment issues. Seeking easy answers to their plight they have blamed the European Union on their situation. One potential pitfall to the unification of Europe is changing demographics of the continent as those with vivid memories of war pass on business and political leadership to a generation that doesn't remember what a real air raid drill was all about. The memory and fear of world war had a lot to do with the creation of the EU. New treaties and agreements will have to go beyond peaceful co-existence and address employment and social issues more directly than the original organizing policies have done if long term stability is to be maintained. With post World War II reconstruction proceeding to return Europe to a functioning collection of individual nations, the idea of a unified Europe rose to the top of the continental discussion as it had after World War I. "A number of European leaders in the late 1940s became convinced that the only way to establish a lasting peace was to unite the two chief belligerent nations - France and Germany - both economically and politically"(U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 2006). The Treaty of Amsterdam on the European Union (EU) which came into force on 1 May 1999 states that the EU: must be maintained and developed as an area of freedom, security and justice; (an area) in which the free movement of persons is assured; in conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime. (Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security of the European Commission, 2006) The European Commission has gained the ability to resolve international disputes peaceful because member nations have given up some of their autonomy for the greater benefits afforded its members in politics, economics as well as social structure. The EU -15 as they were referred to seem to have come to the Union for economic reasons according to most

Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints and Feast of Achelous Essay

Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints and Feast of Achelous - Essay Example The paper "Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints and Feast of Achelous" seeks to critique Raphael’s â€Å"Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints† and Peter Paul Rubens and Jan Bruenghel the Elder "Feast of Achelous". Whereas many forms of religious art during such a time were lavishly decorative while at the same time exhibiting a corresponding high level of artistic complexity, this particular piece of Raphael exhibits historical nuances that he untrained eye would not necessarily be able to pick up upon. For instance, whereas almost all of the religious iconography and paintings of the time and long before had pictured Christ as a naked baby, this particular piece was one of the first artistic expressions of Christ in a clothed state while still a baby. Many historians have attributed this to the fact that the nuns of the convent which commissioned Raphael to create the artwork had played a strong role in seeking to censor his style and demanded that a modest repre sentation of the male form be rendered. Moreover, the painting itself allows for some foreshadowing of the ways that Raphael’s career would develop. One need only consider the use and choice of colors that Raphael engages with, representation of the clean lines, and the minimalism and life figure portrayal of both the Madonna as well as Christ to seek to draw a level of inference onto the means by which his career would progress and mirror many of these artistic ideals. Likewise, the second painting that this brief analysis.

American Sign Language Essay Example for Free

American Sign Language Essay For years psychologists have debated and tried to find out how our individual behaviour is gained- are we born with it or do we gain it through experience? Many psychologists have tried to find ways in which they can measure if our behaviour is learnt or inherited but these psychologists have encountered problems while doing so.  One problem that psychologists have when investigating whether behaviour is learned or inherited is actually finding a task that can be given to all of the different participants. Psychologists carrying out an experiment to find out about behaviour usually have participants which are different in some way, for example different sexes, different cultures, different levels of intelligence. Deregowski conducted a cross cultural experiment to see if people from different cultures perceive pictures the same. He found that the African children spent a lot of time looking at the pen and paper as they had never before seen or used them in their life. The same task has to be given to all of the participants as the same dependant variable is being measured and this is a big problem as it decreases the reliability of the results. Another problem is that it is very difficult to separate genetics and our experience as we begin learning from the moment we are born. This makes it hard to find a task that can measure just the intelligence we are born with because as long as we are on this planet, we are constantly learning new things that make us more intelligent. Gould carried out an experiment to measure peoples native intellectual ability (the intelligence we are a born with which is unaffected by culture and educational opportunities). The experiment clearly didnt measure native intellectual ability, as you needed to know about American culture to answer the questions. Even thought the experiment was biased and favoured Americans, it is still a good example of how difficult it is to measure our native intellectual ability because Goulds aim for the experiment was to measure this but this obviously proved to be very difficult. Other psychologists have tried to measure the intellectual ability we are born with but many have began to question whether we can ever make a task that measures our native intellectual ability. The only way we come very close to separating our learned and inherited ability is if we separate two identical twins at birth and put them into different environments. We could put one into an environment where a very minimal amount of behaviour is learnt from experience. For example we could put the twin into an empty room with no contact with the outside world and hardly any human contact (somewhat like a prison). The other twin can lead a normal life by going to school, interacting with other people etc. We can then observe the two twins in later life and if their behaviour is very similar or the same, it proves that behaviour is inherited. If the twin who lived in the outside world is more developed that the twin who was shut away from the world, it would prove that our behaviour is gained through experience. This is the only ideal way to investigate whether behaviour is learned or inherited but is this method ethical? Gardner Gardner wanted to see whether a chimpanzee could communicate in American Sign Language and the only way they could investigate their aim was to treat a chimpanzee like a human and take it out of its natural habitat. They proved that a chimpanzee could communicate in ASL but the experiment was criticised by many people who thought it was unethical.

The Contrast of Virginia Woolf and Alice Walker Essay -- Writers Moral

The Contrast of Virginia Woolf and Alice Walker After reading the four essays assigned to this sequence, it becomes interesting to contrast two author's points of view on the same subject. Reading one professional writer's rewriting of a portion of another professional writer's essay brings out many of each of their characteristics and views. Also, the difference in writing styles could be drastic, or slight. Nevertheless, the writers display how versatile the English language can be. Alice Walker was born in 1944 as a farm girl in Georgia. Virginia Woolf was born in London in1882. They have both come to be highly recognized writers of their time, and they both have rather large portfolios of work. The scenes the might have grown up seeing and living through may have greatly influenced their views of subjects which they both seem to write about. In her essay "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens," Alice Walker speaks first about the untouchable faith of the black women of the post-Reconstruction South. She speaks highly of the faith and undying hope of these women and their families. She even comes to recognize them as saints as she describes their faith as "so intense, deep, unconscious, the they themselves were unaware of the richness they held" (Walker 694). In a passage in which she speaks about the treatment and social status of the women of the sixteenth century, Woolf explains that a woman who might have had a truly great gift in this time "would have surely gone crazy, shot herself, or ended up in some lonely cottage on the outside of town, half witch, half wizard, feared and mocked" (Woolf 749). Her use of some of these powerful nominative shows that she feels strongly about what she is writing. Also for her, life growing up and stories she may have heard may have influenced this passage greatly. In her passage she imagines what it may have been like had William Shakespeare had a sister. She notices how difficult it would be even given the same talents as Shakespeare himself, to follow throughout and utilize them in her life. It is clear after reading further into Woolf's passage that obviously she lived in a different time period, only about fifty years apart though. The way she relates and tells a very similar story with an entirely different setting shows without the reader even knowing that she wa... ... Whether this style that Virginia Woolf uses is correct or not, it is powerful and it pauses the reader and , most importantly, helps the reader think in exactly the same manner as she was when she wrote it. The pauses she experienced in her thoughts when she wrote the story about the story about the writer's sister are simulated and relived when the reader crosses them. Both writers do a fine job of stressing the morals in their writing. The reader can, in Walker's essay, put himself in the first person and imagine the South very easily because of how descriptive she is in her narration. The reader of Woolf's essay clearly can understand and come to realize the unfairness and downright cruelty of the pure neglect of hidden talent among many women throughout time. She does this through simply telling a good story. This perhaps show that Virginia Woolf may have been fond of Walker's work. Woolf chooses to clearly state and agree with the same points Walker makes and shows the ideas in a different light because indeed she is a different person with different attributes. This shows up dominantly in her rewriting of Walker's "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens."

Christian Dior

Did you know there was another world war after World War II? It brought the American and British government into the fashion world. They were faced against Christian Dior and The New Look of 1947. As he brought out the infamous hourglass figure on to runways, it sparked a fire in pop culture. The look gave women around the world femininity and featured their cinched waist, accented bust and fulfillment pleated skirt. With the launch of Door's first collection, in February 1947, he turned the fashion world upside down with a bold stroke.Christian Dior (19051957) founder of Dior Company, commonly known for selling French luxurious goods was a very gifted man. As Europe was overcoming the horrors of World War II, Dior presented his very first collection to the press at 42. After 6 horrible years of women wearing gloomy, tasteless clothes, Dior wanted to give them their taste back with lightheartedness and the art of seduction. The style of the suits and dresses focuses on soft shoulders , a sleepyheads bodice, a narrow waist, and a full skirt flaring out from the hips to touch the medical.The deteriorating of Harpers Bazaar Caramel Snow had extreme faith in the designer as she exclaimed, â€Å"It's quite a revolution, dear Christian! Your dresses have such a new look! † at his first show. She then cabled the brilliant slogan to her editor, and within two days, it caused shock waves to pass through both sides of the Atlantic. Women all around the world raced to have this fashionable, elegant suit made for themselves. America and Britain were not happy because during the war, there were government regulations that dictated men and omens fashion.Women were given a lean, boyish silhouette 10 years prior to WI and now the women's figure had become exaggerated and glorified. The material needed for the skirts and coats were excessive amounts and you would need several yards of fabric Just to make the petticoat. American and British government tried to persuade wom en not to wear The New Look and many women criticized it by saying it was wasteful, expensive and unpatriotic. Britain had tried to deny it existed and their government banned Vogue from publishing about The New Look orDior in the world renown fashion magazine. In France, Britain and the US, if you were found wearing The New Look, on the street you would be harassed if you were an early wearer. In America, there was disapproval of the very idea of importing from abroad. Not only did the government fight back towards Dior, but citizens started to do the same. While Dior was on his American tour to promote his line, he was pushed away from the Chicago train station by angry housewives who were holding signs up saying things like â€Å"Burn Monsieur Dior! â€Å", â€Å"Christian Dior go home! . He had similar encounters in Louisville, Loadable, and Georgia. But there were few exceptions. The British Embassy held a secret session in Paris in 1947, where Princess Margaret was shown Do or's creations for her and her sister for social events. The New Look had soon become about opulence and wealth, and though only the opulent could wear it, he brought color after the dark days of the war Just using a few strokes of a pencil. As Dior lived his golden years from 1947 to 1957, he had evolutionism fashion and brought back elegance to the fashion industry.Though The New Look was extremely controversial and expensive, it went world wide within one short week. By spring of 1948, The New Look had worked its seductive charms and the extravagant dresses were absolutely everywhere. The New Look slowly grew on both Britain and the US as it proved that it was making citizens happier and giving out Jobs. â€Å"Women, with their sure instincts, realized that my intention was to make them not just more beautiful but also happier,† Dior later said. Christian Dior Christian Dior The Dior Couture fashion house was founded in 1946 by the French designer Christian Dior. Dior was the most influential designer in the 1950’s and held his first couture fashion show on 12th February 1947. The collection consisted of a range of luxurious clothes, soft shoulders, narrow waists and full flowing skirts. This was to be named the New Look. (Fig 1) ‘The New Look’ 1950’s The New Look was a new concept on life for the post-war era. Dior was correct to assume people wanted change after the deprivations caused by the war.Before the new look, women had to ‘make do and mend’ with the materials that were available; fashion consisted of square shoulders and straight knee length skirts because of wartime restrictions. The New Look was a return to the traditional concept of femininity and glamour. After women had been limited to little availability of materials during the war time, they were now able to buy fabrics such as silk and cotton. (fig 2) ‘Make do and mend’ 1940’s war time fashion Dior’s couture house was overcome by orders from all around the world as the New Look became a global success.Dior had revived the fashion in Paris for the greater good and presented the new look in places such as America and to the British Royal Family in London. He was then guaranteed success and recognized as having shown a true work of excellence. Throughout the 1950s, Christian Dior was the biggest and best-run haute couture house in Paris. Christian Dior produced more fashion collections between 1954 and1957 which proved to be very successful, yet none of these were as acclaimed as the New Look. As the most famous couture house in the 1950s, Dior attracted a lot of talented assistants.One was Pierre Cardin; an Italian born tailor who showed a lot of potential and strive for fashion before leaving in the late 1940’s to start his own business. Another designer that worked closely wit h Dior was his young assistant Yves Saint Laurent. After joining the company of Dior in 1955, Yves Saint Laurent flourished and expressed his love for fashion which was noticed when he contributed thirty five outfits for the autumn 1957 collection. In 1947 the Dior Company was to launch its first perfume, called Miss Dior, the perfume was a big success!From 1947 until 1950, a Christian Dior perfume branch was established and a new ready-to-wear house was also founded in New York at the corner of Fifth Avenue. In 1949, the new look line made a profit of 12. 7 million francs. Dior died suddenly 1957, which left the company deciding whether to close the fashion house or not, but the company decided against this due to financial stability and wanted to revive the company to what it was before. (Young designer) Yves Saint Laurent was to become head designer for the fashion house.Yves Saint Laurent created an outstanding collection in just nine weeks. Yves Saint Laurent was only 21 at the time; Laurent still kept Dior’s style the same but decided to use softer fabrics making them easier and more realistic to wear. Yves Saint Laurent took an opportunity to express his own ideas, no longer taking influence from Dior’s designs. Saint Laurent was designing for Dior in a time of a more youthful era and captured this in his designs for Dior. Yves Saint Laurent expressed a vibrant theme and conveyed a balance of admiration and outrage.In 1960 Yves Saint Laurent designed The ‘Beat Look’ for Dior, this collection was unsuccessful. The collection consisted of high pullovers, knitted caps, leather suits and coats. This was too radical for the fashion world. In 1960 Saint Laurent was ordered to serve in the French Army, during this time the owner of the House of Dior decided he would be replaced. ( fig 3) ‘The beat look’ Yves Saint Laurent 1960 Marc Bohan replaced Yves Saint Laurent between 1960- 1989. Marc Bohan brought a new outlook to the house of Dior by rejecting contemporary fashion; he took inspiration from Christian Dior’s 1920s designs.He was publicly praised by Rebecca Arnold as the man who kept the Dior label â€Å"at the forefront of fashion while still producing wearable, elegant clothes. † In January 1961, Bohan released a collection, which consisted of waistlines dropped; flared skirts embellished with fur stoles and also incorporated Dior’s traditional beading and embroidery. Bohan attracted a lot of famous social figures to his collection such as the actress Elizabeth Taylor who ordered twelve dresses from the spring-summer 1961 collection featuring the â€Å" slim look† ( fig 4) Mark Bohan ‘ the slim look’ for Christian Dior 1960’s ttp://blog. fidmmuseum. org/. a/6a01156f47abbe970c0168e56ae3ad970c-800wiSaint Laurent’s designs where very different from Marc Bohans. Bohan had different aspirations and ideas than Saint Laurent, as he wanted to tak e the company back to its original house style whereas Yves Saint Laurent wanted to voice his own ideas and not taking inspiration from what Dior actually wanted. In 1989 Bohan left Dior, before joining for the house of Norman Hartnell in London, where he worked for the label until 1992.Bohan has since designed under his own name. ( fig 5) Chrisitan Dior by Gianfranco Ferre- Fall 1989 Couture In 1989 Gianfranco Ferre decided to agree he would become head designer for Dior. His first haute couture collection was shown In July 1989, just two http://media-cache-ec2. pinterest. com/upload/44191640064762754_fdMj30cl_b. jpgmonths after Ferre’s arrival at Dior. Some people saw his move to the French fashion house outrageous because he was not French and where undecided if he could prove himself as a success at Dior.It turned out that Ferre proved everyone wrong and his designs became known all over the world. Ferre had a deep understanding of fashion history and that was shown in hi s work. He was very careful when designing for Dior, making sure it was what Christian Dior would have wanted, he showed a lot of similar attributes to Dior himself such as a caring attitude, attention to detail and a passion for all things luxurious, elegant and beautiful (fig 5) Eva Peron wearing a Dior Dress- 1950. fig 6) 195 S/S 2010 floral collection By Galliano by Dior (fig 7) http://upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Evita_Dior. jpg/200px-Evita_Dior. jpg Gianfranco Ferre inspiration at Dior was Eva Peron who was also one of Christian Dior’s original customers. Eva Peron was the first lady of Argentina to wear a dress by Dior in the 1950s. She and Dior both adored each other. http://www. wearefreshfish. com/blogg/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/00210m. pgAnna Wintour and CEO Arnault (editor in chief of Vogue) made a conscious decision to appoint British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferre in 1997. This once again caused controversy in France b ecause Galliano was not a French designer. Arnault once quoted â€Å"talent has no nationality† and he even compared Galliano to Christian Dior himself. Galliano showed creativity beyond any other designer and a talent very close to Dior. He created a mixture of excitement, romance and femininity – a few things Dior honoured the most.Galliano showed raw talent and whilst at Dior he brought the company to life with his use of colours, texture and creativity which no other designer had shown at Dior. He was praised by many for his unique ability, which was different to any other designer at Dior. Galliano wanted to bring life to the house of Dior with his flamboyant nature. Whilst other designers wanted to refer back to old designs of Dior and keep the look simple but still elegant, Galliano wanted to express excitement in his collections.In May 1998 another Dior boutique was opened in Paris and also in New York City. This was the first time Paris would witness the openi ng of a Parisian Dior Boutique which was very exciting for the company. The following year the perfume ‘J’adore’ was released which became well known across the world, but not only in Paris. On 5th October 1999, Galliano released the Dior Spring/Summer collection 2000- Ready- To-Wear fashion show, the show consisted of saddle bags. Galliano was promoted to extend his thinking into accessories, advertising and communication for the company.The first advertisement under Galliano’s influence was photographed by Nick Knight featuring a provocative image of two girls stimulating intercourse which then became known around the world and other fashion company’s started to use sex as advertisement porn chic. Galliano utilized his time at Dior wisely by making the company’s name famous globally through his release of accessories such as watches and fragrances. In 2001 Galliano began to release his own Dior watches with the start of the â€Å"Chris 47 Aluminum† line, this created an exciting era in Dior.The watches he released were a big hit; some were only a one off collection. When the Dior 66 watch was released people were shocked because it was going against Dior’s femininity. By 2002, 130 boutiques in different locations were in full operation. Dior Fine Jewelry also launched her own watch name â€Å"Le D de Dior† resembling the collection of fine Jewelry. Not only did the company produce feminine watches but masculine as well. The company was not just aimed at femininity anymore but wanted to provide for men also. In 2006, the Dior watch booth

ISIS Case Study Essay

ISIS is a terrorist group that has brought much drama and fright to many of late. ISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. They had actually begun as an al Qaeda splinter group. The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. It’s mainly known for killing dozens of people at a time and carrying out public executions, crucifixions and other acts. The group controls hundreds of square miles. It ignores the international borders and has a presence from Syria’s Mediterranean coast to south of Baghdad. ISIS rules by Sharia Law, the custom-based body of law based on the Koran and the religion of Islam. The leader of ISIS is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. There is not much known about him pertaining to where he is from, but he earned a doctorate in Islamic studies from a university in Baghdad. Al-Baghdadi was detained for four years in Camp Bucca, a U.S. run prison in southern Iraq. He was captured and imprisoned in 2005, which means he was released in 2009. After ISIS declared the creation of the so-called â€Å"Islamic State,† he began to go by the name Al-Khalifah Ibrahim. Now, all of his followers no longer call him by Al-Baghdadi. A big reason why Americans are becoming worried about ISIS is that ISIS currently has about 300 members/militants with U.S. passports. Washington D.C. officials fear that American ISIS fighters will travel home and use their terror training to launch horrific attacks at either a single or multiple locations in the United States. I believe this is a major problem. My view on ISIS is that we need to put a force on them and treat them as we treated al Qaeda. Yes, it may not be right to say that we should send the marines and army out to Middle East again, but it is necessary in order to keep the United States safe. ISIS’ plans are to destroy people in their way, and there are a few things stopping them from taking over the Middle East. One of the things stopping them is the United States. ISIS instilled fear on everyone in the country when they released videos of their executions on prisoners. The executions varied from chopping off heads to crucifixions. That only leads you to believe what sick-minded things they have planned if they ever want to attack the United States. I believe it is only right if we go into total protection mode. Not one person in this world wants to see another tragedy like September 11th to happen again except for the terrorist lingering around the world. ISIS has made themselves well known to the world. It has put the world on watch, and has everyone preparing themselves for protection and possibly war.

Animal Farm, 1984, and BNW essays

Animal Farm, 1984, and BNW essays Politics are ideas that are thought to be complex and perplexing. Nevertheless, these complex and perplexing ideas are shined throughout many novels. These ideas may be hidden and sometimes difficult to discover, but they are there. In George Orwells Animal Farm, 1984, and Aldus Huxleys Brave New World, political ramblings are sprayed all throughout with detail and imagery. These novels all have a hidden political side that is revealed indirectly by their authors. George Orwells Animal Farm is set on an English farm named Manor Farm, owned by Mr. Jones. The story concerns the rebellion of the farm animals, and is told entirely from the animals point of view. When the animals come into power after overthrowing their master Mr. Jones, the pigs consider themselves to be the dictators on the farm. They create a government called Animalism (surprisingly common to Communism), and attempt to control the farm. Napoleon and Snowball become the leaders as they are pigs. They create the seven commandments that run their government called Animalism. These seven tenets were to be the basis of their government. Eventually, the pigs started to get things under control. Then, Napoleon started getting jealous of Snowball. Snowball was closer to the Animals and they listened to his ideology. After blaspheming Snowball, Napoleon took over the farm. Little by little the corruption and ugly side of control started taking over. In the end Napoleon becomes what all the animals got rid of in the first place, a cruel ruler. Boxer, the prize horse who all the animals looked up to, is then sold to a glue factory. After the men came back and Boxer was sent away, the Animalism collapses and all the pigs are seen as the same old drunk Mr. Jones. All of the animals then form to remove Napoleon from power. Years pass, and many of the older animals die off. Squealer assumes a position of power, and l...

Free Essays on Steppenwolfs Magic Theater

Perhaps the most climactic and interesting event in Herman Hesse’s Steppenwolf is that which occurs in the Magic Theater, Hesse’s imaginary world introduced to Harry Haller by Pablo, the sax player. The Magic Theater is similar to a fun house one might go through at an amusement park, or even more so, a drug induced acid trip. One of the major questions of the novel is whether or not the Magic Theater is real. Many parts of the incident lead to the assumption of it being surreal, however nonetheless very significant to Harry Hallers journey towards finding his own reality in life. The trip through the Magic Theater begins when Harry loses his coat check claim ticket and a stranger gives him his own. However the ticket is actually to the Magic Theater. After receiving the ticket, Harry finds Hermine and Pablo invites them both to a room where he gives them some sort of drug. Pablo then tells Harry that he will make visible to Harry a world beyond time that exists only in Harry’s soul. At the entrance to the Magic Theater, Pablo gives Harry a mirror in which the reflection of a man and wolf are revealed, images of how Harry sees himself. Pablo tells Harry that the Magic Theater is a â€Å"school of humor,† which makes Harry laugh and hence destroys the mirror. Inside the Theater, Harry is allowed to enter various rooms in which reality is what he makes it to be, including one in which he is loved by every woman he has ever met. Eventually he comes to a room where he has to kill his last love, Hermine, when he finds her in the arms of Pablo. After he kills Hermine, Mozart enters the room with a radio and explains to Harry that the radio presents the conflict between what’s real and what’s not, between humanity and spirituality. He sends Harry to â€Å"HARRY’S EXECUTION† where he is charged for misusing the Magic Theater and for having no humor. However Mozart does say that Harry must live and learn to laugh, and ... Free Essays on Steppenwolfs Magic Theater Free Essays on Steppenwolfs Magic Theater Perhaps the most climactic and interesting event in Herman Hesse’s Steppenwolf is that which occurs in the Magic Theater, Hesse’s imaginary world introduced to Harry Haller by Pablo, the sax player. The Magic Theater is similar to a fun house one might go through at an amusement park, or even more so, a drug induced acid trip. One of the major questions of the novel is whether or not the Magic Theater is real. Many parts of the incident lead to the assumption of it being surreal, however nonetheless very significant to Harry Hallers journey towards finding his own reality in life. The trip through the Magic Theater begins when Harry loses his coat check claim ticket and a stranger gives him his own. However the ticket is actually to the Magic Theater. After receiving the ticket, Harry finds Hermine and Pablo invites them both to a room where he gives them some sort of drug. Pablo then tells Harry that he will make visible to Harry a world beyond time that exists only in Harry’s soul. At the entrance to the Magic Theater, Pablo gives Harry a mirror in which the reflection of a man and wolf are revealed, images of how Harry sees himself. Pablo tells Harry that the Magic Theater is a â€Å"school of humor,† which makes Harry laugh and hence destroys the mirror. Inside the Theater, Harry is allowed to enter various rooms in which reality is what he makes it to be, including one in which he is loved by every woman he has ever met. Eventually he comes to a room where he has to kill his last love, Hermine, when he finds her in the arms of Pablo. After he kills Hermine, Mozart enters the room with a radio and explains to Harry that the radio presents the conflict between what’s real and what’s not, between humanity and spirituality. He sends Harry to â€Å"HARRY’S EXECUTION† where he is charged for misusing the Magic Theater and for having no humor. However Mozart does say that Harry must live and learn to laugh, and ...

Recent Articles analysis, macroecomonics Term Paper

Recent Articles analysis, macroecomonics - Term Paper Example This is a requirement by the constitution of the United States of America to ensure efficiency in all the government operations while being concerned about the economy of the state. As per the Anti-deficiency Act and the constitution, the federal government is permitted to start shutdown of activities related to appropriations that are not yet enacted into legislation. This process of a government shutdown has led to some operations that are usually funded by the annual appropriations being aborted causing loss of casual jobs by some citizens (Cornwell and Lawder). Some operations which receive their funds from the government by law and not annual appropriations may also be disrupted by the funding gap. These are programs that have activities which rely on annually appropriated funds for operations. A good example is the social security which may need funds from time to time to run upcoming operations in this field. When the government shuts down many federal employees lose their jobs as some have their payments delayed. The furlough has an adverse impact on the economy as the government is a major employer in the state, and this would mean increased unemployment rates (Cornwell and Lawder). Since the government shutdowns started in the United States, there have been 18 such funding gaps with President Obama’s government having only one in 2013. This was when the Congress declined to pass crucial funding bills for the ObamaCare program due to disagreement on the funding by the Senate and the White House. A recent threat of the government shutdown has been experienced in late November 2014. Part of the Senate and senior Republican officials are at loggerheads on funding of the Department of Homeland Security. Some of them are asking for a long-term funding of the Homeland Security programs while others are seeking to offer a short-term funding. This follows as President Obama has an immigration order to lift the deportation of illegal immigrants in the United

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin Research Paper

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example On the other hand, it is said that approximately ten percent of all families and 34 percent of families with a female householder and no husband present had incomes below the poverty level (Bayless, B. 2005). The below graph shows the poverty levels at the county of Marinette. The major cause of non violence related death in the county of Marinette is mainly the usually the lung related ailments and this are mainly caused by smoking of tobacco. It is reported that approximately about 15% of all the deaths which are reported in this county is due to smoking. It is also said that cigarette smoking do usually cause about 79% of all the lung cancer deaths in this county and about 13% of all the deaths in this county is due to heart related ailments (Bayless, B. 2005). According to the police unit in this county, the overall crime rate which was reported in this state is the highest in all the counties in the Wisconsin state. However, most of the crimes which are committed in this state mainly consist of petty robbery which is followed by burglary. Assault is also on the increase in this states and the below table highlights the crime rate at this country and it is based on statistics which were collected in the year 2004. As at the year 200, the major language which was spoken in this county is the Germany language and this was attributed to the fact most of the inhabitants of this county are whites from Germany and they consist about 37.8% of all the white population which is about 98.08%. Other primary languages which are spoken in this country include English and polish. The secondary language includes Spanish, French, Hindu and the native language. According to the below table, we can see that the population of this county is somehow composed of whites and the majority of the whites are from Germany and hence making it the major language which is spoken in this county. The Germans are also followed by the polish and of which some of them speak the Germany language. Marinette County, Wisconsin Estimate Total: 42,729 White alone 41,653 Black or African American alone 106 American Indian and Alaska Native alone 314 Asian alone 64 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 Some other race alone 256 Two or more races: 336 Two races including Some other race 32 Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races 304 Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2005-2007 American Community survey. What are the 3 main causes of death in the community The main cause of death in the community is mainly attributed to heart and lung related ailments. Most of these deaths are usually attributed to smoking of cigarettes which have affected most of the community members. Also

Christians today Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Christians today - Coursework Example All believers met together at a certain place, and they shared whatever they had. Likewise, Christians today should share what they have with those in need. Another thing that Christians of today can learn from the early church is that there is a need to fellowship with other Christians and worship together. This should be done regularly in churches and other places of worship. Today’s Christians should also learn that they should share generously so that God can add other people to their fellowship. As Christians, there is a need to be in touch with one another and share talents apart from the usual sharing of possessions (Sommer, 2007). Christians of today can also learn from the early church that there is the need to help other people at what they cannot be able to do. In addition, Christians should seek help at what they are not perfect. Just like the bodies of human beings have several parts each playing a certain role, so is the body of Christ. As such, there should be the realization among Christians that they belong to one another as they can be termed as many parts that comprise Christs body (Sommer,

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Example for Free

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Lent DDS was born In the Dominican Republic and raised New Jersey. He Is a creative writing teacher at MIT and fiction editor at the Boston Review. He also serves on the board of advisers for the Freedom university, a Volunteer organization in Georgia that provides post-secondary instruction to undocumented immigrants. From what I have read I have gathered that he really had to rely on himself. Getting him through college working the Jobs where you have to do the dirty work, dishes, and pumping-gas. Supposedly Drown reflects Diazs strained relationship with his own father, with whom he no longer keeps in contact with. Diaz was born in Villa Juana, a neighborhood in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He was the third child in a family of five. Through most of his childhood he lived with his mother and grandparents while his father worked in the united States. Diaz emigrated to Parlin, New Jersey, in December of 1974, where he was able to reunite with his father. He lived close to what he considered one of the largest landfills in New Jersey. His short fiction has appeared In The New Yorker magazine, which listed him as one of the 20 top writers for the 21st He has also been published in Story, The Paris Review, and in the anthologies The Best American Short Stories four times (1996, 1997, 1999, 2000), The PEWO. Henry prize stones (2009), and African voices. He s best known for his two major works: the short story collection Drown (1996) and the novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). 80th were published to critical acclaim and he won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the latter. Diaz himself has described his writing style as a disobedient child of New Jersey and the Dominican Republic If that can be possibly Imagined with way too much Diaz has received a Eugene McDermott Award, a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, a Lila Acheson Wallace Readers Digest Award, the 2002 PEN/Malamud Award, the 2003 us-Japan Creative Artist Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, a fellowship at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard university and the Rome Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was selected as one of the 39 most important Latin American writers under the age of 39 by the Bogota World Book Capital and the Hay Festival. [18] In September 2007, Miramax acquired the rights for a film adaptation of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. [19] The stories in Drown ocus on the teenage narrators impoverished, fatherless youth in the Dominican Republic and his struggle adapting to his new life in New Jersey. Reviews were generally strong but not without complaints. 20] Diaz read twice for PRIs This American Life

Steven King Essay -- Biography Biographies

Bio of Steven King Stephen King Stephen Edwin King was born September 21, 1947in Portland, Maine, U.S. He is an American novelist and short-story writer whose many novels and story collections, and the numerous films adapted from this large body of work, have established his reputation as the leading author of horror fictions in contemporary literature, and with reviving the genre of horror fiction in the late 20th century. King graduated from the University of Maine in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in English. Abused by a fanatically religious mother and ridiculed by her classmates, Carrie was the first of many novels in which King blended horror, the macabre, fantasy, and science fiction. Among such works were Salem's Lot (1975), an equally nihilistic novel, which portrays a small Maine village overrun and repopulated by vampires. The Shining (1977; filmed 1980), a writer, his wife, and their young son act as winter caretakers in a ghost-ridden hotel. The Stand (1978), The Dead Zone (1979; filmed 1983), Firestarter (1980), Cujo (1981), Christine (1983), It (1986), Misery (1987), The Tommyknockers (1987), and The Dark Half (1989). In his books King explored almost every terror-producing theme imaginable, from vampires, rabid dogs, deranged killers, and a pyromaniac to ghosts, extrasensory perception and telekinesis, biological warfare, and even a malevolent automobile. Though his work was disparaged as undisciplined and inelegant, King was a talented storyteller...

Analysis of Conan Doyle’s work Essay

English coursework : A comparative essay on 2 Sherlock Holmes stories  The world has chosen to remember Sir Arthur Conan Doyle chiefly for his creation of the fictional master detective, Sherlock Holmes. This prestigious character has been hugely popular for over one hundred years shown in many different ways, whether it be books, television series, magazine articles, and so on.  Conan Doyle himself was born in Edinburgh, rather than the London setting that Sherlock Holmes lives and works. He actually set out to be an oculist, however when no patients came he had plenty of time to write his stories. Around the same time, The Strand magazine was first published, and Sherlock Holmes was printed for the first time in its pages. His stories were not long enough to be books of their own, and thrived as a regular part of their magazine. The Sherlock Holmes stories are written in a very upper class setting. Watson and Holmes take cabs everywhere, and have very high class mannerisms and habits, such as leaving a calling card if the person they have visited is not there. And Holmes himself carries round a cane with him – a rather posh acquirement thought to be that of a gentleman. They also have a resident in the home to look after them both, and take care of the household, which could of course only be afforded by those of the higher class.  The fact that these stories were written in such a way is easily explained. The stories were written for the magazine, ‘The Strand’. In those times, very little people read magazines, and could afford to subscribe. Most people read newspapers, but these magazines were aimed at the higher class, and particularly for the gentleman, because a very small number of women were expected to be able to read, and so they did not benefit from such a publication. â€Å"The Speckled Band† and, â€Å"The Red-Headed League† are both very interesting stories. The structures of both are much the same, but that accounts for all of Conan Doyle’s creations in accordance to the Sherlock Holmes stories.  In accordance to this structure, â€Å"The Speckled Band† begins with a visit to the house from someone needing Holmes’s help. An element included right at the beginning of the story is the deduction Holmes makes of Helen. This is extremely typical of Conan Doyle as it is a feature he nearly always adds as each of his stories unfold. In â€Å"The Speckled Band† Holmes instantly deduces that she travelled early by dog cart on heavy roads to the station before travelling by train to London. The next lines describe Helen giving ‘a violent start’ and staring at Holmes in bewilderment. This is also underlyingly very typical of Conan Doyle to include such a description, as it what he includes in all of his stories at this point. In direct comparison, â€Å"The Red Headed League† features a swift deduction of Jabez Wilson in which he concludes that the man done at some point manual labour, takes snuff, has a freemason, has been in China, and has done a considerable amount of writing recently. The line directly following on from that is set out exactly the same as in â€Å"The Speckled Band† and describes Jabez to â€Å"Start up in his chair, with his forefinger upon the paper, but his eyes upon Holmes† So we can conclude from this that this is an element Conan Doyle likes to include in his stories which also suitably gives a first time reader an idea of the way Holmes’s mind works.  Following on from that, a long monologue is heard which tells every detail of the story. This is unusual in stories written now. We can note that in real life no one tells a story in such detail, uninterrupted, and this reflects tracts of today. But it is actually very typical of writings at the time.

Introduction to Early Childhood Education †Assessment Essay

Identify THREE quality indicators relevant to early childhood education and discuss why they are important for children, parents, and/or society. 300 words. The first quality indicator relevant to early childhood education would be ‘people’. Letting your child learn in an environment where the teachers and assistants are expert, well-trained and the majority of them hold qualifications in the area. They should be able to fully understand your child’s needs, communicate well with them ensuring they make your child feel safe and comfortable being around them. They should also be trusted and respected by staff, parents and children. The ‘place or environment’ would be the second indicator. The learning environment should make all children feel welcome regardless of the cultural, ethnic or language background. They should be able to provide a variety of, materials, equipment and play activity arranged to encourage children to learn. A stimulating outdoor environment that challenges and motivates children to explore, run and play is also important. An environment where they feel safe, and where parents can see their child, and feel comfortable knowing they are there. They should be able to feel secure in the environment they are in and to know their children can only benefit from being there. ‘Programme’ the third indicator. A quality learning programme should provide lots of learning opportunities in a wide range of different areas (reading, water play, sand play, dress-up, science, social play). A variety of activities either working in small groups or individual interactions with teachers. Parents should be able to BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper to understand themselves about what their child is learning, having good communication with the centre employees, knowing what is going on and understanding their ways etc. an eye out being a parent and understanding the centres way. Teachers should always build trusting relationships with parents while always respecting and supporting different families cultures and languages. Reference List Identify TWO early childhood services in your community. Briefly explain their history and then compare and contrast their philosophies, educational goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals. 450 words. Montessori is a philosophy and method of education pioneered by the Italian educationalist Dr Maria Montessori (The first Montessori school opened in 1909, the first Waldorf school in 1919 and the first Playcentre in the 1930s) Montessori ‘casa dei bambini’ or ‘children’s house’ was first opened in San Lorenzo, Rome, Italy. Dr Maria Montessori recognised that the first six years of a child’s life are the most important. Dr Montessori, trialled many materials and activities, but kept only those to which the children were spontaneously and repeatedly drawn. Playcentre began in 1941 primarily as a support service to women left raising children alone due to partners being away with the Second World War. Lack of transport and low family incomes were the reality for many women. Playcentre’s original aims were â€Å"to provide leisure for mothers and opportunities for the social development of the pre-school child† (Stover, 1998, p. 3). Playcentre is a stimulating environment, they provide a diverse and rich range of experiences, unlimited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum. Montessori has a certain structure and is based on their own philosophy unlike playcentre. Playcentre is a parent run co-operative it relies heavily on parental input, participation and support. Montessori aim is to provide an environment with structure and activities that meet the needs of the children and by giving them freedom to move and act within it, it was said that Dr Montessori had revealed the â€Å"true nature† of the child. Their philosophy is aimed for Children to be encouraged to be firmly grounded in reality before being exposed to fantasy. Montessori classrooms are very BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper quiet, as children are deeply absorbed in their work. They input this by managing the classroom materials into six areas (Practical Life Exercises, Sensorial Material, Art, Mathemartics, language, cultural subjects, and also physical is brought into their daily routine). Playcentre however is marked by a stimulating environment, providing a diverse and rich range of experiences, un limited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum. Their views and goals are to promote children’s learning through play, Family involvement ( based on the importance of parents as educators of their own children) They like to View children as people who are strong and capable and can make their own choices about how and where to play (childinitiated play). Playcentre teachers are trained parents who take quite a hands on approach and implement learning, using a lot of open ended questions to extend children’s thinking. Montessori and playcentre have different methods. Both focus on the wellbeing of children, and help promote them to learn and grow through many different approaches. The key difference between Playschool and Montessori is that at playschool the whole family joins, rather than it just being a provider of education for the child. Reference List (Pre-schoolers: Preschool Education: Types of Early Childhood Care KYLIE VALENTINE 2010) (Stover, 1998, p. 3). May, H. (2002, Winter). Early childhood care and education in Aotearoa – New Zealand: An overview of history, policy and curriculum. McGill Journal of Education BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper

Cruz Surname Meaning and Origin

Cruz Surname Meaning and Origin The Cruz surname comes from a personal name meaning cross or dweller near a cross, from the Spanish cruz and Latin crux, meaning cross. It may also be a habitational name indicating one who came from any of several places with Cruc, Cruz or La Cruz in their name. Variants of this surname originated in just about every European country, including Cross (English), Groze (French) and Kreuze and Kreuziger (German). Cruz is the 82nd most popular surname in the United States. Cruz is also a popular Spanish name, coming in as the 17th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish, Portuguese Alternate Surname Spellings: CRUCES,  DE CRUZ, DE LA CRUZ, DA CRUZ, CRUZADO, CRUSE, CRUISE, CROSS, DCRUZ Famous People with the Surname CRUZ Ted Cruz - Republican senator from Texas; US presidential candidateBobby Cruz - Puerto Rican salsa singerCelia Cruz - Cuban American singerPenelope Cruz - Spanish actressMaria Silva Cruz - Spanish anarchist Where Do People With the CRUZ Surname Live? Surname distribution data at  Forebears  ranks Cruz as the worlds 186th most common surname, found in greatest numbers in Mexico and with the highest density in Guam. The Cruz surname is the most common surname in Guam, where one in forty-five bear the name. It ranks 11th in Honduras and the Northern Mariana Islands, 12th in Palau and Puerto Rico, and 15th in Nicaragua and Mexico. Within Europe, Cruz is most frequently found in Spain, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, especially in the southern regions and Canary Islands. It is also very common in northwest Argentina. Coat of Arms Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Cruz family crest or coat of arms for the Cruz surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Genealogy Resources for the Surname CRUZ How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish speaking countries. CRUZ Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Cruz surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Cruz query. FamilySearch - CRUZ GenealogyAccess over 10 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Cruz surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Cruz RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Cruz surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries. CRUZ Surname Family Mailing ListsThis free mailing list for researchers of the Cruz surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. The Cruz Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Cruz from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Good Times are Killing Me

The Good Times are Killing Me If you are looking for a compelling play for a young mixed-race cast, you may want to take a look at The Good Times are Killing Me by Lynda Barry. This play, published in 1993, offers two strong female roles in which teenagers can play teenagers  and a multiplicity of issues to discuss with cast and crew during rehearsals and with audiences in talkbacks. Format This is a two-act play, but it is unusual in that it is comprised of 36 short scenes or vignettes- 26 in Act One and 10 in Act 2. The story is adolescent Edna Arkins’s story. She is the main character and she appears in every scene; she breaks the fourth wall and speaks to the audience before, during, and after interacting with the other characters. Each vignette has a title like RECORD PLAYER NIGHT CLUB or BEST FRIENDS that communicates the essence of the scene. The scenes- some only a half page long, some three pages long- reveal the story of friendship between two adolescent girls- one white and one black- in mid-1960s America. One vignette flows into the next creating a collection of scenes that reveal the difficulties of coming of age in the midst of family heartaches, personal growing pains, and racial prejudices. Cast Size There are roles for 16 females and 8 males. Broken down by race, the play calls for 10 white females and 6 black females, and 3 white males and 5 black males. Doubling in roles is possible, resulting in an overall minimal cast size of 16. Roles Edna Arkins: A white 12-13 year-old girl who lives with her family in a house on a city street that has slowly become integrated Lucy Arkins: Edna’s younger sister Edna’s Parents and Extended Family: Mom, Dad, Uncle Don, Aunt Margaret, Cousin Steve, and Cousin Ellen Bonna Willis: A black 12-13 year-old girl who recently moved into Edna’s neighborhood Bonna’s Parents and Extended Family: Mom, Dad, younger brother Elvin, and Aunt Martha Recurring Minor Roles: Two black teenagers named Earl and Bonita, and Cousin Ellen’s friend Sharon Ensemble: There are multiple scenes that would be enhanced by friends, neighbors, classmates, and other people. There are also several small roles- a teacher, a mother, a pastor, a Girl Scout leader and her daughter. Set and Costumes Most action occurs on the porches, street, yards, and kitchens of Edna’s and Bonita’s houses. Other settings are Edna’s basement, a campsite, a meeting room, a tough neighborhood, a church, and a school hallway. These can easily be suggested with lighting or a few moveable small set pieces. The time period of this play is critical to the story, so the costumes need to be early 1960s American clothing- mostly casual and inexpensive-looking. Music Songs and singing occur throughout this production, providing mood, underscoring emotions and actions, and contextualizing the story in 1960s urban America. Much of the singing occurs with the records that the characters play; some singing is a capella. The script identifies the precise songs and provides lyrics within the text or in an appendix. Content Issues Much of the content and language of this play seems so innocent given the 20-plus years since its opening night and its setting of 50-plus years ago. Even so, it’s worth noting that the play deals with marital infidelity, racial discrimination (One of Edna’s lines mentions the â€Å"No Negro Kids Can Come in Our House Rule.), and the accidental drowning of Bonna’s brother. The language is relatively tame, but the dialogue does include the words   Ã¢â‚¬Å"ass,† â€Å"boodie,† â€Å"pimp,† â€Å"butt,† and the like. There is, however, no profanity. Lynda Barry also published this story as a 144-page novel with Edna as the narrator. If you would like to hear Lynda Barry talk about her life work, please visit Accessing the Imaginary. Here is a video trailer of a high school production of the play.

Fourth Amendment - the Text, Origins, and Meaning

Fourth Amendment - the Text, Origins, and Meaning The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a section of the Bill of Rights that protects the people from being subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures of property by law enforcement officers or the federal government. However, the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit all searches and seizures, but only those that are found by a court to be unreasonable under the law. The Fifth Amendment, as part of the original 12 provisions of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states by Congress on September 25, 1789, and was ratified on December 15, 1791. The full text of the Fourth Amendment states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Motivated by British Writs of Assistance Originally created to enforced the doctrine that â€Å"each man’s home is his castle,† The Fourth Amendment was written directly in response to British general warrants, called Writs of Assistance, in which the Crown would grant overarching, non-specific search powers to British law enforcement officials. Through Writs of Assistance, officials were free to search virtually any home they liked, at any time they liked, for any reason they liked or for no reason at all. Since some of the founding fathers had been smugglers in England, this was an especially unpopular concept in the colonies. Clearly, the framers of the Bill of Rights considered such colonial-era searches to be â€Å"unreasonable.† What Are ‘Unreasonable’ Searches Today? In deciding whether a particular search is reasonable, the courts attempt to weigh important interests: The extent to which the search intruded on the individuals Fourth Amendment rights and the extent to which the search was motivated by valid government interests, such as public safety. Warrantless Searches Not Always ‘Unreasonable’ Through several rulings, the U.S. Supreme Court has established that the extent to which an individual is protected by the Fourth Amendment depends, in part, on the location of the search or seizure. It is important to note that according to these rulings, there are several circumstances under which police may lawfully conduct â€Å"warrantless searches.† Searches in the Home:  According to Payton v. New York (1980), Searches and seizures conducted inside a home without a warrant are presumed to be unreasonable. However, such â€Å"warrantless searches† may be lawful under certain circumstances, including: If a responsible person gives the police permission to search the property. (Davis v. United States)If the search is conducted during a lawful arrest. (United States v. Robinson)If there is clear and immediate probable cause to conduct the search. (Payton v. New York)If the items being searched for are in plain view of the officers. (Maryland v. Macon) Searches of the Person:  In what is popularly known as its â€Å"stop and frisk† decision in the 1968 case of Terry v. Ohio, the Court ruled that when police officers see â€Å"unusual conduct† leading them to reasonably conclude that criminal activity may be taking place, the officers may briefly stop the suspicious person and make reasonable inquiries aimed at confirming or dispelling their suspicions. Searches in Schools:  Under most circumstances, school officials do not need to get a warrant before searching students, their lockers, backpacks, or other personal property. (New Jersey v. TLO)  Ã‚   Searches of Vehicles:  When police officers have probable cause to believe that a vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity, they may lawfully search any area of the vehicle in which the evidence might be found without a warrant. (Arizona v. Gant) In addition, police officers may lawfully conduct a traffic stop if they have reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation has occurred or that criminal activity is being carried out, for example, vehicles seen fleeing the scene of a crime. (United States v. Arvizu and Berekmer v. McCarty) Limited Power In practical terms, there is no means by which the government can exercise prior restraint on law enforcement officials. If an officer in Jackson, Mississippi wants to conduct a warrantless search without probable cause, the judiciary is not present at the time and cant prevent the search. This meant that the Fourth Amendment had little power or relevance until 1914. The Exclusionary Rule In Weeks v. United States (1914), the Supreme Court established what has been known as the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule states that evidence obtained through unconstitutional means is inadmissible in court and cannot be used as part of the prosecutions case. Before Weeks, law enforcement officials could violate the Fourth Amendment without being punished for it, secure the evidence, and use it at trial. The exclusionary rule establishes consequences for violating a suspects Fourth Amendment rights. Warrantless Searches The Supreme Court has held that searches and arrests can be performed without a warrant under some circumstances. Most notably, arrests and searches can be performed if the officer personally witnesses the suspect committing a misdemeanor, or has reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a specific, documented felony. Warrantless Searches by Immigration Enforcement Officers On January 19, 2018, U.S. Border Patrol agents - without producing a warrant to do so - boarded a Greyhound bus outside the Fort Lauderdale, Florida station and arrested an adult female whose temporary visa had expired. Witnesses on the bus alleged that the Border Patrol agents had also asked everyone on board to show proof of U.S. citizenship. In response to inquiries, the Border Patrol’s Miami section headquarters confirmed that under the long-standing federal law, they can do that. Under Section 1357 of Title 8 of the United States Code, detailing the powers of immigration officers and employees, officers of the Border Patrol and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) can, without a warrant: interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as to his right to be or to remain in the United States;arrest any alien who in his presence or view is entering or attempting to enter the United States in violation of any law or regulation made in pursuance of law regulating the admission, exclusion, expulsion, or removal of aliens, or to arrest any alien in the United States, if he has reason to believe that the alien so arrested is in the United States in violation of any such law or regulation and is likely to escape before a warrant can be obtained for his arrest, but the alien arrested shall be taken without unnecessary delay for examination before an officer of the Service having authority to examine aliens as to their right to enter or remain in the United States; andwithin a reasonable distance from any external boundary of the United States, to board and search for aliens any vessel within the territorial waters of the United States and any railway car, aircraft, con veyance, or vehicle, and within a distance of twenty-five miles from any such external boundary to have access to private lands, but not dwellings, for the purpose of patrolling the border to prevent the illegal entry of aliens into the United States. In addition, The Immigration and Nationality Act 287(a)(3) and CFR 287 (a)(3) states that Immigration Officers, without a warrant, may â€Å"within a reasonable distance from any external boundary of the United States...board and search for aliens in any vessel within the territorial waters of the United States and any railcar, aircraft, conveyance, or vehicle.† The Immigration and Nationality Act defines â€Å"Reasonable distance† as 100 miles.   The Right to Privacy Although the implicit privacy rights established in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) and Roe v. Wade (1973) are most often associated with the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fourth Amendment contains an explicit right of the people to be secure in their persons that is also strongly indicative of a constitutional right to privacy. Updated by Robert Longley